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The
Advanced Ergonomics Manual
The Advanced
Ergonomics Manual Table of Contents
A. What
is Ergonomics?............................................................................................ 3 -
Definition -
Goal B. Developing
and Implementing an Ergonomics Program.................................. 5 -
Introduction o
What is
an Ergonomics Program? -
Components of an
Ergonomics Program -
Health and Risk
Factor Surveillance o
Discussion
Passive Surveillance o
Passive
Surveillance - Does a Problem Exist? o
Active Surveillance o
Active Surveillance
When to Use? -
Job Analysis and
Design -
Medical Management o
Roles and
Responsibilities o
Job Familiarity o
Early Reporting o
Access to
Health Care Providers (HCPs) o
Evaluation
of the Worker by the HCP o
Treatment
of the Worker o
Follow-Up
and Referral o
Job Placement
Evaluations -
Training -
Program Documentation
and Evaluation o
Is the Program
Successful? -
Starting the Program o
Process
Steps o
Management
Commitment o
Setting
Up the Ergonomics Team -
Maintaining the
Program o
Assessing
the Program o
Responsibilities
of the Ergonomics Committee o
Discussion -
Summary C. The Future
of Ergonomics..................................................................................
29 -
Introduction o
What is
the Direction of Ergonomics? -
Industry Guidelines o
Food Distribution o
Semiconductor
Industry o
The Benefits
of Industry Guidelines -
Design-Stage Ergonomics -
Team Ergonomics D. Ergonomics Standards and Guidelines.................
...............................32 -
Introduction o
Standards-Making
Organizations -
Guidelines and Standards o
Introduction E.
Ergonomic
Resources .............................................
.37 -
Resources References....................................................................................................................... 40 Attachment IA. Body Part
Discomfort Survey.............................................................. 42
A. Introduction............................................................................................................. 7 B. Determining Upper Extremity Risk...................................................................... 8 -
Introduction ·
Definition ·
Risk Factors 1. Repetition, Duration, and Recovery Time............................................. 11 -
Guidelines ·
Example of Use of ANSI Checklist 2. Force........................................................................................................ 15 -
Discussion -
Guidelines ·
Measuring Grip Forces ·
Factors Affecting Grip Strength 3. Postures of the Upper Extremities........................................................ 22 -
Discussion -
Neutral Postures -
Guidelines ·
Static Postures ·
Velocity and Acceleration of Motion ·
Strength/Posture Interaction ·
Awkward Postures How Much is Too
Much? 4. Environmental Risk Factors................................................................... 31 -
Introduction 5. Personal Risk Factors............................................................................ 31 -
Introduction 6. Summary - The Relationship Between Risk Factors and Injury/Illness..33 -
Evidence -
Rating Risk Factors 7. Checklists................................................................................................. 35 - Discussion C. Upper Extremity Task Design Principles.......................................................... 36 -
Introduction 1. Minimize Repetition................................................................................ 37 -
Guidelines 2. Minimize Force Requirements............................................................... 39 -
Guidelines 3. Minimize the Awkward Postures of Hands
and Arms......................... 43 -
Guidelines 4. Minimize Exposure to Environmental
Factors...................................... 47 -
Guidelines D. Determining Manual Material Handling
Risk.................................................... 49 -
Introduction -
Procedure ·
Data Collection ·
Task Variables 1. Selecting the Appropriate Analysis Tool.............................................. 51 -
Discussion
-
Using the Table 2. NIOSH Equation 1991 Draft................................................................... 53
-
Introduction
-
RWL
-
Equation
-
Variables
·
Horizontal Distance (H)
·
Asymmetry (A)
·
Frequency Multiplier (FM)
·
Coupling Multiplier (CM) -
Lifting Index (LI) -
Example of Use of the Equation ·
Description of Lifting Task ·
Determining Variables for Inclusion in the Equation ·
Calculating RWL -
Multi-Task Procedure ·
When to use the Multi-Task Procedure -
Validation of the Equation -
NIOSH Equation Software
-
NIOSH Equation Cheat Sheets 3. Biomechanical Models........................................................................... 67 -
Introduction -
3D Static Strength Prediction Program -
Guidelines 4. Psychophysical Capacity Data.............................................................. 72
-
Introduction 5. Two-Hand Lift/Lower Data...................................................................... 73 -
Background -
Using the Tables ·
Example
·
Lift vs. Lower ·
Combination Tasks a. Adjustment Factors for Lifting Capacity
Data.......................... 78 -
Background -
Guidelines ·
Working Duration (hours) Multiplier
·
Limited Headroom Multiplier
·
Asymmetrical Lifting (Twisting) Multiplier
·
Couplings (Handles) Multiplier
·
Load Placement Clearance Multiplier
·
Load Asymmetry Multiplier
·
Heat Stress Multiplier
·
Multiple-Person (team) Lifting 6. One-Hand Lift Data................................................................................. 84 -
Background -
Using the Tables -
Guidelines 7. Two-Hand Carry Data............................................................................. 87 -
Using the Table ·
Source -
Guidelines 8. One-Hand Carry Data............................................................................. 89 -
Using the Table -
Guidelines 9. Two-Hand Push Data............................................................................. 90 -
Using the Table -
Guidelines 10. Two-Hand Pull Data............................................................................... 92 -
Using the Table -
Guidelines 11. One-Hand Push/Pull Forces................................................................. 94 -
Background -
Guidelines ·
One Hand Push
·
One Hand Pull 12. MMH Data for Awkward Postures.......................................................... 95 -
Background -
Using the Tables ·
Kneeling Tasks
·
Task Description ·
Seated Tasks ·
Task Description and Recommended Weight of Lift ·
Lying Tasks ·
Task Description and Recommended Weight of Lift E. Manual Material Handling Design
Principles................................................. 104
-
Introduction 1. Eliminate or Minimize MMH................................................................. 105 - Introduction a. Mechanization........................................................................... 105 - Guidelines ·
Example ·
Why Do Mechanical Assists Go Un-Used? ·
Cautionary Note Regarding Mechanization b. Eliminate or Reduce Rehandling............................................. 108 - Guidelines ·
Examples c. Increase Object Weight............................................................ 108 - Guidelines ·
Examples 2. Reduce Stress Associated with MMH................................................ 109 - Introduction a. Reduce Object Weight............................................................. 109 - Guidelines ·
Examples ·
Comment 2-Person Lifting b. Changing Handling Method..................................................... 111 - Guidelines c. Reducing Push/Pull Tasks....................................................... 112 - Guidelines d. Hand Truck / Cart / Caster Design.......................................... 113 - Guidelines ·
Hand Trucks and Carts ·
Casters ·
Weight of Load e. Container Design...................................................................... 117 - Guidelines ·
Types of Containers ·
Containers that are Manually Handled ·
Handle Design ·
Containers that are Loaded into or Unloaded From f. Handwheel Design.................................................................... 121 - Guidelines 3. Minimize Stressful Postures................................................................ 122 - Introduction a. Minimize Bending..................................................................... 123 - Guidelines b. Minimize Twisting...................................................................... 124 - Guidelines c. Reduce Extreme Horizontal Reaches..................................... 126 - Guidelines d. Reduce Above Shoulder Work................................................ 127 - Guidelines e Minimize Kneeling Tasks......................................................... 128 - Guidelines f. Provide Knowledge of Load
Characteristics......................... 128 - Introduction - Guidelines g. Avoid Extreme Hand/Arm Posture.......................................... 129 - Guidelines 4. Special Case: Patient Handling Tasks............................................... 130 - Introduction - Guidelines - Engineering
Controls a.
Work Environment b.
Work Organization
c.
Patient Handling
Lift Assists
d.
Implementing Engineering
Controls - Administrative / Training Controls -
Effectiveness of Ergonomic Controls F. Physiologically Demanding Tasks.................................................................. 134 - Introduction 1. Methods to Measure Energy Expenditure.......................................... 135 - Introduction a. Rating of Perceived Exertion................................................... 135 - Introduction - Using the
Scale b. Measurement of Heart Rate..................................................... 137 - Introduction - Categorizing
Work Based on Heart Rate - Guidelines 2. Factors Influencing Metabolic Demand.............................................. 138 - Introduction a. Frequency of Movement, Posture and Task
Duration........... 138 - Guidelines b. Heat Stress................................................................................ 140 -
Introduction
-
Measurement
-
Heat Stress Criteria
-
Guidelines References.................................................................................................................... 145
A. Introduction............................................................................................................. 7 B. Applying Anthropometry to Workstation
Design................................................ 8 -
Introduction -
Guidelines ·
Principles ·
Anthropometric Data 1. Anthropometric Adjustment Factors for
Clothing................................. 12 - Introduction - Guidelines ·
Shoes ·
Hard Hat ·
Work Gloves ·
Clothing 2. Additional Anthropometry Sources....................................................... 14 -
Sources C. Workstation Design Guidelines......................................................................... 15 -
Introduction ·
Definition ·
Goals ·
Types -
Selection ·
Procedure ·
Example |