The Advanced
Ergonomics Manual Table of Contents
A. What
is Ergonomics?............................................................................................ 3
-
Definition
-
Goal
B. Developing
and Implementing an Ergonomics Program.................................. 5
-
Introduction
o
What is
an Ergonomics Program?
-
Components of an
Ergonomics Program
-
Health and Risk
Factor Surveillance
o
Discussion
Passive Surveillance
o
Passive
Surveillance - Does a Problem Exist?
o
Active Surveillance
o
Active Surveillance
When to Use?
-
Job Analysis and
Design
-
Medical Management
o
Roles and
Responsibilities
o
Job Familiarity
o
Early Reporting
o
Access to
Health Care Providers (HCPs)
o
Evaluation
of the Worker by the HCP
o
Treatment
of the Worker
o
Follow-Up
and Referral
o
Job Placement
Evaluations
-
Training
-
Program Documentation
and Evaluation
o
Is the Program
Successful?
-
Starting the Program
o
Process
Steps
o
Management
Commitment
o
Setting
Up the Ergonomics Team
-
Maintaining the
Program
o
Assessing
the Program
o
Responsibilities
of the Ergonomics Committee
o
Discussion
-
Summary
C. The Future
of Ergonomics..................................................................................
29
-
Introduction
o
What is
the Direction of Ergonomics?
-
Industry Guidelines
o
Food Distribution
o
Semiconductor
Industry
o
The Benefits
of Industry Guidelines
-
Design-Stage Ergonomics
-
Team Ergonomics
D. Ergonomics Standards and Guidelines.................
...............................32
-
Introduction
o
Standards-Making
Organizations
-
Guidelines and Standards
o
Introduction
E.
Ergonomic
Resources .............................................
.37
-
Resources
References....................................................................................................................... 40
Attachment IA. Body Part
Discomfort Survey.............................................................. 42
A. Introduction............................................................................................................. 7
B. Determining Upper Extremity Risk...................................................................... 8
-
Introduction
·
Definition
·
Risk Factors
1. Repetition, Duration, and Recovery Time............................................. 11
-
Guidelines
·
Example of Use of ANSI Checklist
2. Force........................................................................................................ 15
-
Discussion
-
Guidelines
·
Measuring Grip Forces
·
Factors Affecting Grip Strength
3. Postures of the Upper Extremities........................................................ 22
-
Discussion
-
Neutral Postures
-
Guidelines
·
Static Postures
·
Velocity and Acceleration of Motion
·
Strength/Posture Interaction
·
Awkward Postures How Much is Too
Much?
4. Environmental Risk Factors................................................................... 31
-
Introduction
5. Personal Risk Factors............................................................................ 31
-
Introduction
6. Summary - The Relationship Between Risk
Factors and Injury/Illness..33
-
Evidence
-
Rating Risk Factors
7. Checklists................................................................................................. 35
- Discussion
C. Upper Extremity Task Design Principles.......................................................... 36
-
Introduction
1. Minimize Repetition................................................................................ 37
-
Guidelines
2. Minimize Force Requirements............................................................... 39
-
Guidelines
3. Minimize the Awkward Postures of Hands
and Arms......................... 43
-
Guidelines
4. Minimize Exposure to Environmental
Factors...................................... 47
-
Guidelines
D. Determining Manual Material Handling
Risk.................................................... 49
-
Introduction
-
Procedure
·
Data Collection
·
Task Variables
1. Selecting the Appropriate Analysis Tool.............................................. 51
-
Discussion
-
Using the Table
2. NIOSH Equation 1991 Draft................................................................... 53
-
Introduction
-
RWL
-
Equation
-
Variables
·
Horizontal Distance (H)
·
Asymmetry (A)
·
Frequency Multiplier (FM)
·
Coupling Multiplier (CM)
-
Lifting Index (LI)
-
Example of Use of the Equation
·
Description of Lifting Task
·
Determining Variables for Inclusion in the Equation
·
Calculating RWL
-
Multi-Task Procedure
·
When to use the Multi-Task Procedure
-
Validation of the Equation
-
NIOSH Equation Software
-
NIOSH Equation Cheat Sheets
3. Biomechanical Models........................................................................... 67
-
Introduction
-
3D Static Strength Prediction Program
-
Guidelines
4. Psychophysical Capacity Data.............................................................. 72
-
Introduction
5. Two-Hand Lift/Lower Data...................................................................... 73
-
Background
-
Using the Tables
·
Example
·
Lift vs. Lower
·
Combination Tasks
a. Adjustment Factors for Lifting Capacity
Data.......................... 78
-
Background
-
Guidelines
·
Working Duration (hours) Multiplier
·
Limited Headroom Multiplier
·
Asymmetrical Lifting (Twisting) Multiplier
·
Couplings (Handles) Multiplier
·
Load Placement Clearance Multiplier
·
Load Asymmetry Multiplier
·
Heat Stress Multiplier
·
Multiple-Person (team) Lifting
6. One-Hand Lift Data................................................................................. 84
-
Background
-
Using the Tables
-
Guidelines
7. Two-Hand Carry Data............................................................................. 87
-
Using the Table
·
Source
-
Guidelines
8. One-Hand Carry Data............................................................................. 89
-
Using the Table
-
Guidelines
9. Two-Hand Push Data............................................................................. 90
-
Using the Table
-
Guidelines
10. Two-Hand Pull Data............................................................................... 92
-
Using the Table
-
Guidelines
11. One-Hand Push/Pull Forces................................................................. 94
-
Background
-
Guidelines
·
One Hand Push
·
One Hand Pull
12. MMH Data for Awkward Postures.......................................................... 95
-
Background
-
Using the Tables
·
Kneeling Tasks
·
Task Description
·
Seated Tasks
·
Task Description and Recommended Weight of Lift
·
Lying Tasks
·
Task Description and Recommended Weight of Lift
E. Manual Material Handling Design
Principles................................................. 104
-
Introduction
1. Eliminate or Minimize MMH................................................................. 105
- Introduction
a. Mechanization........................................................................... 105
- Guidelines
·
Example
·
Why Do Mechanical Assists Go Un-Used?
·
Cautionary Note Regarding Mechanization
b. Eliminate or Reduce Rehandling............................................. 108
- Guidelines
·
Examples
c. Increase Object Weight............................................................ 108
- Guidelines
·
Examples
2. Reduce Stress Associated with MMH................................................ 109
- Introduction
a. Reduce Object Weight............................................................. 109
- Guidelines
·
Examples
·
Comment 2-Person Lifting
b. Changing Handling Method..................................................... 111
- Guidelines
c. Reducing Push/Pull Tasks....................................................... 112
- Guidelines
d. Hand Truck / Cart / Caster Design.......................................... 113
- Guidelines
·
Hand Trucks and Carts
·
Casters
·
Weight of Load
e. Container Design...................................................................... 117
- Guidelines
·
Types of Containers
·
Containers that are Manually Handled
·
Handle Design
·
Containers that are Loaded into or Unloaded
From
f. Handwheel Design.................................................................... 121
- Guidelines
3. Minimize Stressful Postures................................................................ 122
- Introduction
a. Minimize Bending..................................................................... 123
- Guidelines
b. Minimize Twisting...................................................................... 124
- Guidelines
c. Reduce Extreme Horizontal Reaches..................................... 126
- Guidelines
d. Reduce Above Shoulder Work................................................ 127
- Guidelines
e Minimize Kneeling Tasks......................................................... 128
- Guidelines
f. Provide Knowledge of Load
Characteristics......................... 128
- Introduction
- Guidelines
g. Avoid Extreme Hand/Arm Posture.......................................... 129
- Guidelines
4. Special Case: Patient Handling Tasks............................................... 130
- Introduction
- Guidelines
- Engineering
Controls
a.
Work Environment
b.
Work Organization
c.
Patient Handling
Lift Assists
d.
Implementing Engineering
Controls
- Administrative / Training Controls
-
Effectiveness of Ergonomic Controls
F. Physiologically Demanding Tasks.................................................................. 134
- Introduction
1. Methods to Measure Energy Expenditure.......................................... 135
- Introduction
a. Rating of Perceived Exertion................................................... 135
- Introduction
- Using the
Scale
b. Measurement of Heart Rate..................................................... 137
- Introduction
- Categorizing
Work Based on Heart Rate
- Guidelines
2. Factors Influencing Metabolic Demand.............................................. 138
- Introduction
a. Frequency of Movement, Posture and Task
Duration........... 138
- Guidelines
b. Heat Stress................................................................................ 140
-
Introduction
-
Measurement
-
Heat Stress Criteria
-
Guidelines
References.................................................................................................................... 145
A. Introduction............................................................................................................. 7
B. Applying Anthropometry to Workstation
Design................................................ 8
-
Introduction
-
Guidelines
·
Principles
·
Anthropometric Data
1. Anthropometric Adjustment Factors for
Clothing................................. 12
- Introduction
- Guidelines
·
Shoes
·
Hard Hat
·
Work Gloves
·
Clothing
2. Additional Anthropometry Sources....................................................... 14
-
Sources
C. Workstation Design Guidelines......................................................................... 15
-
Introduction
·
Definition
·
Goals
·
Types
-
Selection
·
Procedure
·
Example